1991 – Somali Civil War: The United States Embassy to Somalia in Mogadishu is evacuated by helicopter airlift days after the outbreak of violence in Mogadishu.1991 – Georgian forces enter Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, Georgia, opening the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.1976 – The Troubles: Gunmen shoot dead ten Protestant civilians after stopping their minibus at Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, UK, allegedly as retaliation for a string of attacks on Catholic civilians in the area by Loyalists, particularly the killing of six Catholics the night before.
1945 – The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland.1944 – The Daily Mail becomes the first major London newspaper to be published on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.1941 – Amy Johnson, a 37-year-old pilot and the first woman to fly solo from London to Australia, disappears after bailing out of her plane over the River Thames, and is presumed dead.1933 – Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming becomes the first female governor in the United States.1919 – The German Workers' Party, which would become the Nazi Party, is founded in Munich.
1914 – The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and minimum daily wage of $5 in salary plus bonuses.1913 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Lemnos begins Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war.In the course of the conference, Vladimir Lenin and his supporters break from the rest of the party to form the Bolshevik movement. 1912 – The sixth All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( Prague Party Conference) opens.1911 – Kappa Alpha Psi, the world's third oldest and largest black fraternity, is founded at Indiana University.1900 – Irish nationalist leader John Edward Redmond calls for revolt against British rule.1895 – Dreyfus affair: French army officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.1875 – The Palais Garnier, one of the most famous opera houses in the world, is inaugurated in Paris.1781 – American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia, is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.1757 – Louis XV of France survives an assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens, the last person to be executed in France by drawing and quartering, the traditional form of capital punishment used for regicides.1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French army beats Brandenburg.1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.